Abstract Bacteria may be the initial cause of certain pathologies as well as a secondary agent responsible for the development of complications such as pressure ulcer infections. Pressure ulcers are a persistent health problem, especially in immunocompromised patients, and associated with infection by opportunistic microorganisms with antimicrobial resistance, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, highlight the need for the development of new antimicrobial approaches. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-adherent activity of Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) essential oil against Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, as well as the effect of its association with synthetic antimicrobials. To this end, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) analyses were performed on microdilution plates. The assay of the Minimum Inhibitory Adherence Concentration (MIAC), with test tubes. As well as, the association study through the infusion disc method containing ampicillin (AMP), gentamicin (GEN), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CEF). Therefore, it was possible to obtain that the essential oil of oregano presents antimicrobial and bactericidal activity, with MIC ranging between 128μg/mL and 256 μg/mL and MBC between 256 μg/mL and 512 μg/mL, on the tested K. pneumoniae strains. When used in association with ampicillin and gentamicin, oregano essential oil showed synergistic effect for some strains. Therefore, it is observed that the tested essential oil can act as a promising antibacterial in the treatment of diseases caused by K. pneumoniae.

Resumo As bactérias podem ser a causa inicial de determinadas patologias como também um agente secundário responsável pelo desenvolvimento de complicações como as infecções das lesões por pressão. As lesões por pressão configuram um problema de saúde persistente, principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos, e associadas a infecção por microrganismos oportunistas com resistência antimicrobiana, como por exemplo a Klebisiella pneumoniae, ressaltam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas abordagens antimicrobianas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antibacteriana e antiaderente do óleo essencial de Origanum vulgareL. (orégano) contra cepas da Klebisiella pneumoniae, bem como o efeito da sua associação com antimicrobianos sintéticos. Para isso foram realizadas as análises da Concentração Mínima Inibitória (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) em placas de micro diluição. O ensaio da Concentração Mínima de Aderência (CIMA), com tubos de ensaio. Como também, o estudo de associação através do método de disco de infusão contendo ampicilina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacino e ceftriaxona. Assim sendo, foi possível obter que o óleo essencial de orégano apresenta atividade antimicrobiana e bactericida, com CIM variando entre 128μg/mL e 256 μg/mL e CBM entre 256 μg/mL e 512 μg/mL, sobre as cepas de K. pneumoniae testadas. Quando utilizado em associação com a ampicilina e gentamicina, o óleo essencial de orégano demonstrou efeito sinérgico para algumas cepas. Portanto, observa-se que o óleo essencial testado pode atuar como um promissor antibacteriano no tratamento de doenças causadas por K. pneumoniae.

Abstract Meat products represent an important component of the human diet and are a good source of nutrients. Food-borne microorganisms are the main pathogens that cause human diseases as a result of food consumption, especially products of animal origin. The objective of the present research was to verify the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris against strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from meat products. For this, the analyses of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were performed in microdilution plates. The association of the product with antimicrobials was also studied using disk diffusion. And the anti-adherent activity, which was determined in the presence of sucrose, in glass tubes. Thyme oil showed a strong inhibitory activity against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. saprophyticus, with the MIC values ranging from 64 to 512 μg/mL, and bactericidal effect for most strains, with MBC values ranging from 256 to 1,024 μg/mL. T. vulgaris oil exhibited varied interactions in association with the antimicrobials, with synergistic (41.67%), indifferent (50%) and antagonistic (8.33%) effects. Regarding the anti-adherent activity, the test product was effective in inhibiting the adherence of all bacterial strains under study. Therefore, thyme oil presents itself as an antibacterial and anti-adherent agent against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. saprophyticus, being a natural product that can represent an interesting alternative in the efforts to combat foodborne diseases.

Resumo Os produtos cárneos representam um importante componente da dieta humana e constituem uma boa fonte de nutrientes. Microrganismos de origem alimentar são os principais patógenos que causam doenças humanas como resultado do consumo de alimentos, principalmente, produtos de origem animal. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar a atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de Thymus vulgaris frente às cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus saprophyticus isoladas de produtos cárneos. Para isso, foram realizadas as análises de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) em placas de microdiluição. Assim como, o estudo de associação do produto com antimicrobianos, realizado por difusão em disco. E a atividade antiaderente, que foi determinada na presença de sacarose, em tubos de vidro. O óleo de tomilho apresentou uma forte atividade inibitória contra K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa e S. saprophyticus, com os valores de CIM variando entre 64 a 512 μg/mL, e efeito bactericida para a maioria das cepas, com valores de CBM entre 256 a 1.024 μg/mL. O óleo de T. vulgaris exibiu interações variadas na associação com os antimicrobianos, com efeitos sinérgicos (41,67%), indiferente (50%) e antagonista (8,33%). Em relação a atividade antiaderente, o produto teste foi eficaz na inibição a aderência de todas cepas bacterianas em estudo. Portanto, o óleo de tomilho apresenta-se como agente antibacteriano e antiaderente frente a K. pneumoniae, a P. aeruginosa e a S. saprophyticus, sendo um produto natural que pode representar uma alternativa interessante nos esforços para combater doenças transmitidas por alimentos.

Abstract Sewage sludge (SS) has nutritional contents and has been implemented in the cultivation of seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Malpighia emarginata DC. seedlings produced in different substrates with SS. Treatments were implemented with the addition of SS, and after 180 days seedling the characteristics were measured: aerial part and root system length, stem base diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry mass of aerial part and root, and total biomass. The Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was calculated and the macro and micronutrient content of the aerial part and root. The accumulation of macronutrients in the root system followed the order of N>K>P>Ca>Mg>S, and aerial part of N>Ca>K>P>Mg>S, in the two vegetative structures N and S were in lower concentration. For micronutrients, the accumulation in the root system occurred with Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B, and aerial part with Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu. It was noted that in the two vegetative structures the Fe content was more concentrated. The use of SS in the substrate formulation proved effective in obtaining viable seedlings for field planting, being recommended the treatment with 60% SS + 40% organic compost.

Resumo O lodo de esgoto (LE) possui teor nutricional e tem sido aplicado no cultivo de mudas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de mudas de Malpighia emarginata DC. produzidas em diferentes substratos com LE. Os tratamentos foram implantados com adição de LE, e após 180 dias de semeadura as seguintes características das mudas foram avaliadas: comprimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, diâmetro da base do caule, número de folhas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e da raiz, biomassa total. O Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD) foi calculado junto aos teores de macro e micronutrientes da parte aérea e da raiz. O acúmulo de macronutrientes no sistema radicular seguiu a ordem de N>K>P>Ca>Mg>S, e parte aérea N>Ca>K>P>Mg>S, nas duas estruturas vegetativas N e S estiveram em menor concentração. Para os micronutrientes, o acúmulo no sistema radicular ocorreu Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B, e na parte aérea Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu. Observou-se que nas duas estruturas vegetativas o teor de Fe foi mais concentrado. A utilização de LE na formulação do substrato mostrou-se eficaz na obtenção de mudas viáveis para o plantio em campo, sendo recomendado o tratamento com 60% de LE + 40% de composto orgânico.

Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae), conhecida popularmente por espinheira-santa, é nativa e cultivada, principalmente, no sul do Brasil. Suas folhas apresentam triterpenos e substâncias polifenólicas (flavonóides e taninos) relacionadas ao efeito antiulcerogênico. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção de massa seca, altura, ramificação, e o teor de polifenóis totais em plantas de M. ilicifolia que se desenvolveram sob duas condições de luminosidade, após dois tratamentos distintos de poda. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos cazualizados com plantas desenvolvidas sob sombra e a pleno sol, e com plantas manejadas por poda parcial e rasa, com quatro repetições. No tratamento de poda rasa a maior altura das plantas foi observada nas plantas cultivadas a sombra em comparação com as conduzidas a pleno sol. No tratamento de poda parcial o número de ramos terciários aumentou significativamente nas plantas conduzidas a pleno sol. As plantas cultivadas a pleno sol apresentaram diferença significativa na concentração de polifenóis totais em relação às plantas produzidas à sombra alcançando valores de 10,29 ± 0,20% (CV=1,94%) e 7,16 ± 0,09% (CV=1,30%) respectivamente.

The Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae), traditionally known as "espinheira-santa" in Portuguese, is native and cultivated in South Brazil. Its leaves contain triterpenes and polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins), which are related to the antiulcerogenic effect. The aim of this work was to evaluate the dried biomass production (g), height (m), ramification, and also the total content in polyphenol compounds of the leaves from the M. ilicifolia specie, which were developed under two different light conditions after two different pruning treatments. The design of the experiment was randomized blocks with two levels of light (shadow or full sunlight) and two levels of prune (partial and drastic), with four replications. The height of the plants grown in the shadow was greater for the treatment of drastic pruning than in plants in full sunlight. The ramification increased significantly with drastic prune in full sunlight. The plants grown in full sunlight showed a significant higher content in total polyphenols than the plants grown in the shadow, 10.29±0.20% (RSD=1.94%) and 7.16±0.09% (RSD=1.30%) respectively.

Introduction: Since the excess of body fat is associated with higher morbid-mortality rates (mainly in adults), precise, reliable, cost-effective, and broadly applicable methods are necessary for its assessment in population-based studies and in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between body fat estimated either by bioelectrical impedance or by the sum of skinfold thicknesses and anthropometric indicators of fat distribution. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted enrolled 348 undergraduate students (median 21 years), from the Federal University of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Results: 262 of the subjects were women. Mean body fat assessed by bioelectrical impedance was 22.3 ± 6.2% in women and 15.2 ± 4.2% in men. Body fat obtained by the sum of skinfold thicknesses was similar to that assessed by bioelectrical impedance only in men. A strong correlation was observed between body fat assessed by bioelectrical impedance and that assessed by the sum of the skinfold thicknesses, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. Regarding the conicity index, there was a moderate correlation for men and a weak correlation for women. Conclusions: The sum of skinfold thicknesses surrogate of body fat percentage and can be used to assess body fat when BIA is not available in the field. Additional information about central fat distribution can be supply by measuring the waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio.

Introducción: Desde que el exceso de grasa corporal se asocia con mayores tasas de morbi-mortalidad (sobre todo en los adultos), los métodos precisos y fiables, rentables, y aplicables en términos generales son necesarios para su evaluación en estudios basados en población y en la práctica clínica. Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación entre la grasa corporal estimada, ya sea por impedancia bioeléctrica o por la suma de pliegues cutáneos y los indicadores antropométricos de la distribución de la grasa. Métodos: Un estudio transversal se realizó con 348 estudiantes, con una edad promedio de 21 años, de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, nordeste de Brasil. La grasa corporal se evaluó mediante impedancia bioeléctrica y la suma de pliegues cutáneos. Circunferencia de la cintura, la relación cintura-altura y el índice de conicidad fueron utilizados como indicadores centrales de distribución de grasa Resultados: 262 de los sujetos eran mujeres. Media de la grasa corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica evaluados fue de 22,3 ± 6,2% en mujeres y 15,2 ± 4,2% en los hombres. Grasa corporal obtenida mediante la suma de pliegues cutáneos fue similar a la evaluada por impedancia bioeléctrica sólo en los hombres. Una fuerte correlación se observó entre la grasa corporal evaluada por impedancia bioeléctrica y espesores de los evaluados por la suma de los pliegues cutáneos, circunferencia de la cintura y relación cintura-altura. En cuanto al índice de conicidad, se observó una correlación moderada para los hombres y una correlación débil para las mujeres. Conclusiones: La suma de pliegues cutáneos se puede utilizar para evaluar la grasa corporal en la ausencia de la impedancia bioeléctrica. Información adicional sobre la distribución de la grasa central puede ser la oferta mediante la medición del circunferencia de la cintura o la relación cintura-altura.

Introduction: Although there are several studies in the international literature regarding hepatic steatosis, few large-scale studies of risk factors are available. Objective: To verify potential risk factors associated with hepatic steatosis, such as: alcohol consumption, overweight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This is a case series study including a control group (without hepatic steatosis), carried out at the gastroenterology outpatient clinic in Northeast Brazil. The sample was composed of 219 patients with hepatic steatosis and 82 without the disease. Results: There was an association between hepatic steatosis and socioeconomic status. Prevalence Ratio (PR) for family income < 2 minimum wage was (PR = 1.35 CI 95%, 1.18-1.54) and education level < primary education (PR = 1.44, CI 95%,1.27-1.64). Regarding anthropometric and clinical characteristics and lipid profile, there was an association with overweight (PR = 1.59, CI 95%, 1.38-1.83), abdominal circumference in the range of very high risk (PR = 2.28, IC 95%,1.68-3.09), hypertension (PR = 1.30, CI 95%, 1.15-1.48) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (PR = 1.23, CI 95%, 1.07-1.64), low HDL-choles-terol (PR = 1,96, CI 95%, 1.55-2.48), hypertriglyceridemia (PR = 2.10, CI 95%, 1.64-2.68). In the regression model three variables remained independently associated to hepatic steatosis, abdominal circumference in the range of very high risk (PRadjusted = 1.74), low HDL-cholesterol (PRadjusted = 1.39) and overweight (PRadjusted = 1.28). Conclusion: The results showed an association of hepatic steatosis with some risk factors, being abdominal circumference (very high risk) the most strongly associated, followed by low HDL-cholesterol and overweight.

Introducción: Aunque hay varios estudios en la literatura internacional sobre la esteatosis hepática, pocos estudios a gran escala de factores de riesgo están disponibles. Objetivo: Verificar potenciales factores de riesgo asociados a la esteatosis hepática como: consumo de alcohol, exceso de peso, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: Estudio del tipo serie de casos, incluyendo un grupo control (sin esteatosis hepática), realizado en el ambulatorio de gastroenterología de un hospital universitario en el nordeste brasileño, compuesto por 219 pacientes con esteatosis hepática y 82 sin la enfermedad. Resultados: Hubo asociación entre la esteatosis hepática y condiciones socioeconómicas, el renta familiar < 2 salarios mínimos presentó Razón de Prevalencia (RP) = 1,35, IC 95%, 1,18-1,54) y escolaridad < 1º grado (RP = 1,44, IC 95%, 1,27-1,64). Respecto a las características antropométricas, clínicas y perfil lipídico, hubo asociación con exceso de peso (RP = 1,59, IC 95%, 1,38-1,83), circunferencia abdominal en el intervalo de muy alto riesgo (RP = 2,28, IC 95%, 1,68-3,09), hipertensión arterial (RP = 1,30, IC 95%, 1,15-1,48) y diabetes mellitus (RP = 1,23, IC 95%, 1,07-1,64), high density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDLc bajo (RP = 1,96, IC 95%, 1,55-2,48), triglicéridos-TG elevado (RP = 2,10, IC 95%, 1,64-2,68). En el modelo de regresión con factores de riesgo para la esteatosis hepática, se constató que tres variables permanecieron independientemente asociadas, circunferencia abdominal en el intervalo de muy alto riesgo (RP ajustada = 1,74), high density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDLc bajo (RP ajustada = 1,39) y exceso de peso (RP ajustada = 1,28). Conclusión: los resultados muestran una asociación de la EH con algunos factores de riesgo, destacándose la circunferencia abdominal en el intervalo de muy alto riesgo seguidos por el high density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDLc bajo y el exceso de peso.

Nos processos de retificação, a utilização de fluidos de corte é uma maneira de implementar a qualidade final do processo, pois os fluidos têm como finalidade a lubrificação na área de contato entre a peça e ferramenta e a refrigeração das superfícies, assim evitando danificações na superfície da peça. Com isso, a utilização de fluidos de corte tem sido constantemente estudada, visando diminuir a utilização deste, pois a utilização de fluidos de corte tem seus problemas. O custo do produto final aumenta consideravelmente com o uso de fluidos de corte no processo de retificação, além de que os fluidos de corte são substâncias tóxicas e nocivas tanto às pessoas quanto ao meio ambiente. Portanto, indústrias, universidades e centros de pesquisas são levados a pesquisar métodos alternativos menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Dentre as alternativas surge a técnica da mínima quantidade de lubrificante (MQL), que também tem suas desvantagens, como por exemplo, a formação de um borra de óleo na superfície de corte do rebolo, o que gera uma rugosidade maior na peça. Porém, visando minimizar o problema da formação da borra de óleo podem ser usados jatos de ar comprimido incidindo na superfície de corte do rebolo, com o objetivo de limpar a mesma. Este estudo será feito através da análise da avaliação das variáveis de saída do processo de retificação externa, como o comportamento da rugosidade superficial e dos desvios de circularidade. Através dos resultados obtidos pretende-se estudar a técnica do MQL, visando melhorá-la através da limpeza da superfície de corte do rebolo com jatos de ar comprimido.

In grinding, the use of cutting fluids aims to improve the final quality of the process, because their purpose is to lubricate the contact area between workpiece and tool and the surface cooling, thus avoiding damages on the machined part. Therefore, this subject has been constantly studied, in order to diminish the amounts applied, due to some problems it may cause. The cost of the final product enhances considerably with the application of cutting fluids; they are environmentally hazardous substances, and the cause of many illnesses to the people involved. In this case, industries, universities and research centers are prompted to research alternative methods which are less harmful to the environment. Between these arises the minimum quantity lubricant (MQL) technique, however having also its disadvantages, like the formation of a grout on wheel surface, which generates higher surface roughness on the workpiece. Aiming to minimize the problems concerning this grout, compressed air jets can be applied in order to clean the abrasive tool, which is the subject of the present work. This study aims to analyze some output variables of the external plunge grinding as surface roughness and roundness errors. Using the obtained results, it is intended to study MQL technique, aiming its improvement through the surface cleaning of the grinding wheel by compressed air jets.

No nutritional protocol for poorly controlled diabetic patients receiving well-managed drug treatment is currently available. Objective: Aims were to compare dietary consumption of calcium and fibers with lipid profile and glycosilated hemoglobin HbA1c. Methodology: This was a prospective observational study. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes were consecutively recruited. A food-frequency questionnaire and tests for lipid profile, HbA1c, and C reactive protein were collected, along with clinical and anthropometric assessment. Results: Patients (N = 114, age 65.7 ± 6.5 years, 75.4% females, BMI 29.0 ± 5.3 kg/m²) were often insulin-dependent (32.5%) and with systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein 4.2 ± 3.9 mg/L). Diet was energy restricted (1,365 ± 565 kcal/day) and mostly adequate but with suboptimal fiber (15.4 ± 8.6 g/day) and very low calcium (592.4 ± 204.4 mg/day). Calcium and fiber in the diet correlated with serum lipids, whereas fiber alone displayed a protective association regarding diabetes (HBA1c, insulin use) and arterial hypertension. Conclusions: Calcium and fiber ingestion exhibited correlations with important markers of metabolic status and cardiovascular risk. Future studies should address enhancement of these ingredients by means of dietary changes and supplements.

Ningún protocolo nutricional es presentemente disponible para pacientes diabéticos mal controlados recibindo terapia farmacológica bien estructurada. Objetivo: Una comparación entre consumo dietético de cálcio y fibras, y concentraciones de lípidos y hemoglobina glicosilada HbA1c fue efectuada. Metodología: Este fue un estúdio prospectivo observacional. Pacientes con diabetes mal controlada fueron consecutivamente recrutados. Las variables fueron cuestionário de frecuéncia alimentária, evaluación clínica y antropométrica, y valores séricos de lípidos, HbA1c, proteina C reactiva (PCR). Resultados: Los pacientes (N = 114, edad 65,7 ± 6,5 años, 75,4% mujeres, IMC 29,0 ± 5,3 kg/m²) eran con moderada frecuencia insulino-dependentes (32,5%) y también sistemicamiente inflamados (PCR 4,2 ± 3,9 mg/L). La dieta era pobre en calorias (1,365 ± 565 kcal/d) pero globalmente acceptable, aún que baja en fibras (15,4 ± 8,6 g/d) y muy baja en cálcio (592,4 ± 204,4 mg/d). El cálcio e la fibra de la dieta se correlacionaran con valores lipídicos, pero solo la fibra estuvo asociada a mejor panorama de diabetes (HbA1c, uso de insulina) y de hipertensión arterial. Conclusiones: La ingestión de cálcio y fibra estuvieron correlacionadas con importantes marcadores de estado metabólico y riesgo cardiovascular. Estúdios futuros son recomendados con empleo de mayores proporciones de estes ingredientes en forma de dieta o suplementos.

It is estimated that around 65% of the cost of a die or mould is related to the machining processes. Moreover, the literature says that 70% of the time spent in the machining processes of this kind of parts is used in finishing and semi-finishing operations. The high complexity of the machined surfaces makes mandatory the use of ball nose tools, with large overhang, what increases vibration in the process. These problems have to be minimized, since dies and moulds demand a very good surface finish and tight dimensional tolerances. A frequently used strategy to attenuate these problems is to carry out semi-finishing operations with cutters containing circular inserts, because these inserts produce smooth transitions among the passes and a smaller and more uniform stock material for the finishing operation. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the performance of rounded inserts of carbide and cermet in the semi-finishing milling (called toroidal milling) of H13 steel with hardness of 50 HRc. The influence of radial depth of cut, cutting speed and feed per tooth on tool life will also be considered. It also intends to test the feasibility of using minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) technique instead of dry cutting in this kind of machining operation.

The high percentage of the refrigeration costs (17%) in the operational production costs, the ecological subjects, the lawlegal demands related to the preservation of the environment and the human health justify the recent researches about the restriction towards the use of abundant cutting fluid in machining processes. However, it is important to point out that the use of a minimal mist lubrication (mixture of air and oil) has been possible in production processes for machining, due to the technological development of tool materials and also machine-tools. The objective of this work is to test the minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) technique (10 ml/h of oil) mixed in a flow of air in the drilling process of aluminum silicon alloy (SAE 323) with a solid carbide drill (K10). The input variables were drill diameter (and consequentelyconsequently, depth of cut) and cutting speed. The results showed that when high depth of cut and cutting speed are used, the operation using abundant fluid is not possible because the drill breaks after a few holes. Moreover, the quality of the holes obtained using MQL is not worse than that obtained for with smaller cutting speed and depth of cut.

The main goal of this work is to study the influence of cutting conditions - cutting speed, feed velocity and feed per tooth - on tool life and surface finish of the workpiece in the face milling of flat surfaces. Aiming to achieve this goal, several milling experiments were carried out with different cutting speeds, feed velocities and feeds per tooth. In the first phase of the experiments, cutting speed was varied without varying feed velocity, which caused a variation in feed per tooth. In the second phase of the experiments, cutting speed and feed velocity were varied in such a way that feed per tooth was kept constant. Tool flank wear and surface roughness of the workpiece were measured as cutting time elapsed. The main conclusions of this work are that a) cutting speed has a strong influence on tool life, regardless of whether feed velocity or feed per tooth varies and b) an increase in surface roughness of the workpiece is not closely related to an increase in wear of the primary cutting edge.